Sound Blaster - Wikipedia. The Sound Blaster family of sound cards was the de facto standard for consumer audio on the IBM PC compatiblesystem platform, until the widespread transition to Microsoft Windows 9. Sound Blaster), and the evolution in PC design led to onboard motherboard- audio, which commoditized PC audio functionality. By 1. 99. 5 Sound Blaster cards had sold over 1. The creator of Sound Blaster is the Singapore- based firm Creative Technology Limited, also known by the name of its United States subsidiary, Creative Labs. Creative Music System and Game Blaster[edit]Creative Music System[edit]. Creative Music System sound card. The history of Creative sound cards started with the release of the Creative Music System ("C/MS") CT- 1. August 1. 98. 7. It contained two Philips SAA1. These circuits were featured earlier in various popular electronics magazines around the world. Creative Sound Blaster Audigy Driver - Creative Sound Blaster Audigy series driver for audio devices. Creative Sound Blaster Live driver 1.04.0090 for Windows 7 and Windows Vista driver download. All the latest manufacturer's drivers available for free from Software. For many years Creative tended to use off- the- shelf components and manufacturers' reference designs for their early products. The various integrated circuits had white or black paper stickers fully covering their top thus hiding their identity. On the C/MS board in particular, the Philips chips had white pieces of paper with a fantasy CMS- 3. Creative parts usually had consistent CT number references. Surprisingly, the board also contained a large 4. DIP integrated circuit, bearing a CT 1. A CTPL 8. 70. 8 (Creative Technology Programmable Logic) serigraphed inscription and looking exactly like the DSP of the later Sound Blaster. This chip allows software to automatically detect the card by certain register reads and writes. Game Blaster[edit]A year later, in 1. Creative marketed the C/MS via Radio Shack under the name Game Blaster. This card was identical in every way to the precursor C/MS hardware. Whereas the C/MS package came with five floppy disks full of utilities and song files, Creative supplied only a single floppy with the basic utilities and game patches to allow Sierra Online's games using the Sierra Creative Interpreter engine to play music with the card and it also included a later revision of the game Silpheed that added C/MS support. In 2. 01. 7 hobbyists developed a clone CT1. PCB.[2]First generation Sound Blasters, 8- bit ISA & MCA cards[edit]Sound Blaster 1. Shop online at the Creative Store (United States). Earn member's points and enjoy free shipping on orders $25 and above!CT1. 31. 0, CT1. 32. A, CT1. 32. 0B[edit]. Sound Blaster 1. 0 (CT1. B); C/MS chips in sockets (labeled U1. U1. 5) are seen. The Sound Blaster 1. Killer Kard"),[3] CT1. A, was released in 1. In addition to Game Blaster features, it had an 1. FM synthesizer using the Yamaha YM3. OPL2. It provided perfect compatibility with the then market leader Ad. Lib sound card, which had gained support in PC games in the preceding year. Creative used the "DSP" acronym to designate the digital audio part of the Sound Blaster. This actually stood for Digital Sound Processor, rather than the more common digital signal processor, and was really a simple micro- controller from the Intel. MCS- 5. 1 family (supplied by Intel and Matra MHS, among others). It could play back 8- bit monauralsampled sound at up to 2. Hzsampling frequency and record 8- bit at up to 1. Hz. The sole DSP- like features of the circuit were ADPCM decompression and a primitive non- MPU- 4. MIDI interface. The ADPCM decompression schemes supported were 2 to 1, 3 to 1 and 4 to 1. The CT1. 32. 0B variety of the Sound Blaster 1. C/MS chips installed in sockets rather than soldered on the PCB.[4]Some sources note that the original Sound Blaster 1. CT1. 31. 0 number. This however is a topic of ongoing debate. Creative refers to CT1. Sound Blaster 1. 0 on its website.[5][6][7]In spite of these limitations, in less than a year, the Sound Blaster became the top- selling expansion card for the PC. It achieved this by providing a fully Ad. Lib- compatible product, with additional features, for the same, and often a lower price. The inclusion of the game port, and its importance to its early success, is often forgotten or overlooked. PCs of this era did not include a game port. Game port cards were costly (around $5. PCs had at the time. Given the choice between an Ad. Lib card or a fully compatible Sound Blaster card that came with a game port, saved a slot, and included the "DSP" for not much more in price, many consumers opted for the Sound Blaster. In- game support for the digital portion of the card did not happen until after the Sound Blaster had gained dominance. When Microsoft announced Multimedia PC (MPC) in November 1. Sound Blaster as it was the only sound card that came close to complying with the MPC standard. The press speculated that Microsoft based the MPC standard on the Sound Blaster's specifications.[8] By 1. Computer Gaming World wondered "why would a gamer" buy a competing Ad. Lib card that was not Sound Blaster- compatible.[9] Creative advertised the Sound Blaster 1. Get Real", emphasizing its "real 1. Sound Blaster compatibility" and rhetorically asking "why those other manufacturers spend so much time comparing themselves to Sound Blaster".[1. Reception[edit]Compute! Sound Blaster, "IBM- compatible computers have taken the lead in sound and music for personal computers". Naming it a Compute! Choice, the magazine described the quality of the opening music of Space Quest III with the card as "extraordinary", praising the quality compared to the Roland MT- 3. Ad Lib versions. Compute! DMA and Creative's dissemination of technical information, and concluded that while the more- expensive MT- 3. Sound Blaster's audio quality was better than that of Ad Lib or Game Blaster.[1. Sound Blaster 1. 5, CT1. C, CT1. 32. 0U[edit]. Sound Blaster 1. 5 (CT1. C); C/MS chip sockets (labeled U1. U1. 5) seem empty. Released in 1. 99. Sound Blaster 1. 5, CT1. C, dropped the C/MS chips, which were no longer popular with game developers. Instead, the board had two empty sockets, which could be user upgraded by purchasing the C/MS chips directly from Creative or Phillips SAA- 1. Otherwise the card functions identically to the Sound Blaster 1. The CT1. 32. 0U variety has the same layout as the CT1. C.[1. 3]Sound Blaster 2. CT1. 35. 0[edit]. Sound Blaster 2. 0 (CT1. B), without C/MS and FM chipset. The final revision of the original Sound Blaster, the Sound Blaster 2. October 1. 99. 1,[1. CT1. 35. 0, added support for "auto- init" DMA, which assisted in producing a continuous loop of double- buffered sound output. Similar to version 1. DAC. However, the maximum sampling rate was increased to 4. Hz for playback, and 1. Hz for record. The DSP's MIDI UART was upgraded to full- duplex and offered time stamping features, but was not yet compatible with the MPU- 4. MIDI equipment. The Sound Blaster 2. PCB- layout used more highly integrated components, both shrinking the board's size and reducing manufacturing cost. Owners of previous revision Sound Blaster boards could upgrade their board by purchasing the V2. DSP chip from Creative Labs, and swapping the older DSP V1. The upgraded board gained the auto- init DMA and new MIDI capabilities of the Sound Blaster 2. The upgrade was necessary for full compatibility with the Windows 3. Multimedia Extensions upgrade. Sound Blaster MCV, CT5. The Sound. Blaster MCV (CT5. B); note that the card has a greater width and thus lacks the typical MCA sled. Sound Blaster MCV, CT5. IBMPS/2 model 5. 0 and higher and their ISA- incompatible Micro Channel Architecture bus. The MCV Sound. Blaster has some issues outputting audio while running on PS/2s with CPUs running faster than 1. MHz. However, the joystick interface is still inoperable on PS/2s it was designed for due to the slow- speed Schottky chips that have been installed. None of these timing issues affect the Yamaha YM3. Some of the MCV Sound. Blasters were released with faster Schottkys which eradicated some of the problems.[1. Second- generation Sound Blasters, 1. ISA & MCA cards[edit]Sound Blaster Pro, CT1. Sound Blaster Pro (CT1. A) rev. 4. Model CT1. May 1. 99. 1, was the first significant redesign of the card's core features, and complied with the Microsoft MPC standard.[8]. The Sound Blaster Pro supported faster digital input and output sampling rates (up to 2. Hz stereo or 4. 4. Hz mono), added a "mixer" to provide a crude master volume control (independent of the volume of sound sources feeding the mixer), and a crude high pass or low pass filter. The Sound Blaster Pro used a pair of YM3. The Sound Blaster Pro was fully backward compatible with the original Sound Blaster line, and by extension, the Ad.
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Autism Speaks aims to bring the autism community together as one strong voice to urge the government and private sector to take action to address this urgent global health crisis. The. Aut. Spot. com is a free online community linking family members and specialists nationwide who deal with children diagnosed with autism. The mission of the National Autism Association is to respond to the most urgent needs of the autism community, providing real help and hope so that all affected can reach their full potential. The mission of NIMH is to transform the understanding and treatment of mental illnesses through basic and clinical research, paving the way for prevention, recovery, and cure. We monitor all the major news sources, websites and the latest research for important and practical news and developments with a balanced, no- spin presentation. TACA provides support and education for families affected by autism through local chapters, coffee talks, parent support, educational events, and more. USAAA is a leading nonprofit organization for education, support, and solutions. Inspire builds online health and wellness communities for patients and caregivers, in partnership with national patient advocacy organizations, and helps life science organizations connect with these highly engaged populations. Autism Parenting Magazine aims to provide you with the most current information and interventions about Autism so that you can make the most informed decisions about what will benefit your child. YOUR SOURCE FOR AUTISM INFORMATION. Autism Live is an interactive webshow providing support, resources, information, facts, entertainment and inspiration to parents, teachers and practitioners working with children on the Autism Spectrum. Please enable cookies and refresh the page. 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CALIFORNIA: Licenses are renewed every five years, and until age 7. Starting at 7. 0, drivers must renew in person, taking a written test and eye exam. At any age, a road test may be administered if a Department of Motor Vehicles employee believes there’s a reason, or if a doctor, police office, relative or even a neighbor requests one, said DMV spokesman Armando Botello. State law allows confidential reporting of a possibly unsafe driver, and California is one of the few states to require that doctors report certain medical conditions that could impact driving ability. COLORADO: Licenses are renewed every 1. Starting at age 6. CONNECTICUT: Standard license renewal is every six years, with no safety- related policies for older drivers. However, there is an option for seniors on fixed budgets to seek a cheaper two- year license. DELAWARE: Standard license renewal is every eight years, with no extra requirements for older drivers. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA: Standard license renewal is every eight years. Starting at age 7. FLORIDA: People 8. Also, people 8. 0 and older must pass an eye exam with every renewal. Florida also allows confidential reporting of a possibly unsafe driver by anyone – doctor, law enforcement, relative or bystander. Officials may ask those drivers to submit medical reports from their doctor or to undergo testing at a driver license office. GEORGIA: People 5. Also, anyone 6. 4 and older must pass an eye exam with every renewal, a requirement that began in 2. HAWAII: People 7. That’s been the age since 1. IDAHO: Starting at age 6. Starting at age 6. ILLINOIS: At age 7. At age 8. 1, drivers must renew every two years instead of every four – and at age 8. Prior to 1. 99. 0, testing at renewal was required starting at age 6. In raising the age, the state cited data showing crash rates began increasing when drivers reached 7. INDIANA: At age 7. At age 8. 5, drivers must begin renewing every two years. Last year, a state senator proposed annual driving tests beginning at age 8. IOWA: At age 7. 0, drivers must renew a license every two years compared with every five years for most drivers. The state may grant one- year licenses to drivers with Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s disease or other progressive health conditions. It also issues licenses with such restrictions as driving only during the day or within a certain distance from home. All renewals are done in person with a vision test. KANSAS: Starting at age 6. Everyone must pass a vision test or provide proof of an eye exam. The state’s licensing examiners have the authority to add restrictions, such as allowing only daytime driving, limiting the distance driven from home, or banning freeway driving. The examiners can flag an application for further review or require a road test if they spot a potential problem and depending on how applicants answer questions about medical fitness to drive, said Jeannine Koranda, spokesman for the state Department of Revenue. KENTUCKY: All drivers renew their licenses every four years, with no older age requirements. Last year, the state legislature killed a proposal to require drivers 8. LOUISIANA: All drivers renew their licenses every four years, but starting at age 7. MAINE: Starting at age 6. A vision test is required at the first renewal after a driver turns 4. After that, an eye exam is required at every renewal. Citizens and doctors may report potentially unsafe drivers for examination by a medical review board. MARYLAND: Starting Oct. However, an eye exam is required starting at age 4. The Motor Vehicle Administration said lengthening the renewal period would save the state millions of dollars. MASSACHUSETTS: Drivers licenses last for five years, but starting at age 7. The in- person renewals were signed into law in 2. Boston street. MICHIGAN: Licenses last for four years for everyone, with no older age requirements. Anyone may report a potentially unsafe driver to the Secretary of State’s office, and authorities may require that person to pass driving, vision or other tests. The department receives about 3. MINNESOTA: Licenses last for four years for everyone, with no older age requirements. MISSISSIPPI: Licenses can last up to eight years for everyone, with no older age requirements. Anyone can write the Department of Public Safety to report a potentially unsafe driver. The target of the complaint then gets 1. MISSOURI: Starting at age 7. State law allows doctors, law enforcement, social workers, therapists and immediate family members to report a potentially unsafe driver to the Department of Revenue, which can investigate and require testing or license restrictions. Reporting is confidential. MONTANA: Drivers over age 7. Prior to 1. 99. 5, all ages renewed every four years. NEBRASKA: Renewals are required every five years, but starting at age 7. Examiners are trained to look for signs that a driver’s physical or cognitive skills are impaired and decide whether they require any type of driver’s test. Law enforcement or family members may report someone as a potentially unsafe driver. If that happens, drivers are required to see a physician and eye doctor and then report for a driving test. NEVADA: Renewals are required every four years. Starting at age 7. Regardless of age, all drivers must renew in person every eight years, receiving an eye exam, and staff can require anyone to take a written or road test if they suspect mental or physical impairments that may affect driving. NEW HAMPSHIRE: Renewals are required every five years, with no special provisions for older drivers. Last year, New Hampshire stopped requiring drivers 7. Repeal of that law was prompted by an 8. NEW JERSEY: Licenses are renewed every four years, with no special provisions for older drivers. All drivers are supposed to have their vision tested every 1. Motor Vehicle Commission concedes that program has never been fully implemented. Currently, it is piloting a program with eye- care professionals that would allow drivers to mail results of an exam to the agency. Doctors are required to report certain health conditions to the licensing agency, but other people also can report possibly unsafe drivers of any age for a review. NEW MEXICO: Drivers have an option of getting driver’s licenses that last for four or eight years until they reach age 6. Starting at age 7. Drivers of any age must take a vision test with each renewal. In 2. 01. 1, the legislature turned away a proposal to test older drivers’ reflex and reaction times starting at age 7. NEW YORK: Licenses last eight years, with no special provisions for older drivers. The Department of Motor Vehicles can re- evaluate a driver of any age based on a specific reason, such as a driving incident or action reported by a doctor, police officer or observer. It also can restrict licenses to such things as daylight driving only. NORTH CAROLINA: Starting at age 6. Doctors, family members and law enforcement may report potentially unsafe drivers of any age to the Department of Motor Vehicles’ medical evaluation program. The DMV could revoke licenses, require periodic medical reports, or restrict licenses to such things as trips only to and from work or the doctor, or daylight driving only. NORTH DAKOTA: Licenses last six years until age 7. OHIO: Licenses last four years, with no special provisions for older drivers. The state operates a web site – http: //www. OKLAHOMA: Licenses are renewed every four years, with no special provisions for any age. |
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